Carbos = Sugars = Saccharides: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (roughly CH2O)

Carbohydrate Monomers = Monosaccharides

1. Monosaccharides: simple sugars (The building block of all larger sugars.)

Examples of Monosaccharides:

a) Glucose - Form of simple sugar used by all cells. From grapes & honey. (sweet!)

b) Fructose - Fruit sugar (sweet!)

c) Galactose - Less sweet. Dairy products & gums.

Formed by condensation synthesis (removal of water as the 2 monosaccharides bond)

Examples of Disaccharides:

a) Maltose = (malt sugar) glucose + glucose

b) [Sucrose] (table sugar) = glucose + fructose

c) Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose

3. Polysaccharides: starches, chains of sugars

Formed by condensation synthesis (removal of water as all the monosaccharides bond)

Examples of Polysaccharides:

* a) Amylose: simple plant starch (energy storage)

b) Pectins: branched plant starch (gelling agent)

* c) Glycogen: branched animal starch (energy storage)

* d) Cellulose: component of plant cell walls, undigestible by most organisms, human dietary fiber

* a) Glucose - key metabolic fuel (energy source) of all cells.

* b) Animal Starch (Glycogen)- long term energy storage for animal cells (stores the glucose molecules in a form not easily used!).

* c) Plant Starch (Amylose) - long term energy storage for plant cells (stores the glucose molecules in a form that is not easily used!)

* d) Cellulose - Structural polysaccharide of cell walls.

e) Chitin - Structural polysaccharide of exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.

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