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1. Nucleic acids.

2. Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).

3. Nucleotides are the monomers or building blocks of nucleic acids.

4. Nitrogen base, phosphate (phosphoric acid), and 5-carbon sugar.

5. Ribose and deoxyribose.

6. Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose does.

7. Ribose is in RNA.

8. Deoxyribose is in DNA.

9. RNA = RiboNucleic Acid

10. DNA = DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

11. Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, & Thymine.

12. Thymine

13. Cytosine

14. Guanine

15. Adenine 16. Uracil is not found in DNA.

17. Nucleus

18. Nucleus & cytoplasm.

19. The leading strand is formed continuously toward the replication fork during replication.

20. Chromosomes

21. Enzymes frequently move along the entire length of DNA shortly after replication to look for and correct any mistakes made in reading the code.

22. The lagging strand is formed in fragments away from the replication fork.

23. Double Helix.

24. Hydrogen bonds.

25. Phosphate & deoxyribose (5-C sugar) make up the sides of DNA.

26. Nitrogen base.

27. Replication makes 2 identical copies of DNA.

28. Helicase

29. 20 different amino acids.

30. 3 nucleotide bases make up a DNA triplet.

31. Gene 32. Ribosome

33. Transcription copies DNA code of a gene and converts it to mRNA.

34. Translation (protein synthesis) occurs when ribosomes translate mRNA code into amion acid code of proteins.

35. An anticodon consists of a 3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA.

36. Mutation

37. RNA Primase lays down a short section of RNA primer to allow DNA Polymerase III to begin replication.

38. In order to be passed on to your offspring, mutations must occur in your sex cells in the testes or ovaries.

39. False. Such errors are not very dangerous because RNA probably lasts only hours or a day or so at most in a cell before new RNA is synthesized.

40. Nucleic acids.

41. Nitrogen bases are the actual code of DNA.

42. Deleting or removing one base from the DNA base code sequence is so dangerous because it causes all the bases triplets to shift over one base, which then means that all or most of the amino acids will be changed in the resulting protein that is made!

43. The advantage is that with only one nitrogen base fitting only one other base, the DNA code can be copied accurately with little chance for mistakes. In other words, the code can be copied easily because there is only one possibility of matching bases for each nitrogen base.

44. RNA is single stranded nucleic acid.

45. Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

46. Having several to many 3 nucleotide codons for each amino acid reduces the chance of substitution mutations changing the amino acid sequence of polypeptides (proteins).

47. "DNA is universal" means that all life has nucleic acids (DNA) as the master molecule controlling events in cells. 48. Nucleus, on the DNA sections we call genes.

49. Translation takes place in the cytoplasm or rough ER at the organelle known as the ribosome.

50. 5'-UUU-GGG-UCA-3'

51. Protein synthesis (translation).

52. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

53. Adenine & Guanine

54. Thymine, Uracil, and Cytosine

55. DNA

56. The Lac Operon is a section of DNA that controls the transcription of mRNA that makes enzymes that breakdown the milk sugar lactose. During negative feedback, a breakdown product of lactose (a simple sugar) acts as a repressor and binds to the operator of the Lac Operon. The repressor blocks RNA Polymerase from reading the gene, so the mRNA needed to make the enzyme lactase cannot be transcribed.

57. Thymine

58. Aspartic Acid

59. Isoleucine

60. Phenylalanine-Glycine-Serine Because the mRNA from this would be 5'-UUU-GGG-UCA-3'. Use these triplet mRNA codes to find the amino acids on the chart.

61. Tryptophane-Glutamine-Methionine Because the mRNA from this DNA strand would be 5'-UGG-CAG-AUG-3' . Use these latter triplet mRNA codes to find the amino acids on the chart.

62. UCU. The codon is the mRNA code for an amino acid.

63. AGA. The anticodon is the tRNA code for an amino acid.

64. UGG

65. The Lac Operon is a section of DNA that controls the transcription of mRNA that makes enzymes that breakdown the milk sugar lactose. During positive feedback, the presence of Allolactose (a form of Lactose) binds to an allosteric site on the repressor. This changes the shape of the repressor so it "pops" off the operator. Now RNA Polymerase can move past the promoter and transcribe the genes so mRNA can be made to make the enzyme lactase.

66. AAA & AAG

67. TTT & TTC. Remember no Uracil in DNA! To get this answer, the mRNA of lysine would be AAA & AAG. This then gives the DNA code of TTT & TTC.

68. Codon.

69. Anticodon is the 3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA that a ribosome fits against the codon.

70. Nucleotide are the monomer form of all nucleic acids

71. Amino acids are the monomer form of all proteins or polypeptides.

72. 64 different triplet codes carry the code for the 20 amino acids.

73. During replication, DNA is split in two by an enzyme, and both sides get copied. The result is two duplicate strands of DNA are made. (DNA duplication process)

74. Transcription is where a gene on the DNA opens up, and mRNA or any other RNA is copied from the DNA template.

75. Translation is where the code that mRNA carries is converted into amino acid or protein code at the ribosome, as the tRNA fit to their complementary mRNA bases, and thus line the amino acids up in the correct order.

76. tRNA stands for transfer RNA.

77. mRNA stands for messenger RNA.

78. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes where it helps link them together to form proteins.

79. mRNA carries the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome so proteins can be made there.

80. Nucleic acids (DNA)

81. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes.

82. Pyrimidines

83. Purines

84. Ribose contains one more oxygen atom than deoxyribose.

85. Deoxyribose contains one less oxygen atom than ribose.

86. five carbon atoms are found in the 5-C sugars of nucleic acids.

87. nitrogen base, phosphate, 5-C sugar

88. Gene

89. An anticodon is the 3 base triplet code on tRNA shich codes for one amino acid.

90. A codon is the 3 base triplet code found on mRNA which codes for one amino acid.

91. Degeneracy means there are several 3 nucleotide sequences or codons for each amino acid. Significantly, this reduces the chance a substitution mutation will change the amino acid sequence for building a protein.

92. RNA Polymerase uses the antisense strand of DNA as its template to copy a gene's code during transcription.

93. The sense strand on DNA is not copied to make mRNA during transcription. However, it contains the same nucleotide sequence as mRNA, except T's are replaced by U's.

94. Introns are sections of DNA or mRNA that contain nonsense code (sections of code not needed to make a protein).

95. b) 5'-AUG-UCC-GAG-3' (The side of DNA copied during transcription is the 3'--5' side!)

96. Short sections of new DNA on the lagging strand are called Okazaki Fragments.

97. DNA Polymerase III fits to the RNA primer and proceeds to read DNA from 3' to 5' and make a new strand of DNA.

98. DNA Polymerase I removes RNA primer and replaces it with new DNA nucleotides.

99. Ligase (DNA Ligase) forms bonds between adjacent nucleotides that need to be joined.

100. RNA Polymerase reads the antisense strand of DNA during transcription to make mRNA.

101. A nucleosome is a short section of DNA in a chromosome consisting of a strand of DNA wrapped twice around a cluster of 8 histone molecules.

102. DNA Polymerase III replicates a new strand of DNA nucleotides in the 5'--->3' direction.

103. RNA Polylmerase transcribes a new mRNA strand in the 5'--->3' direction.

104. The original DNA strand is ready by the enzyme in the 3'---->5' direction during both replication & transcription.

105. A polysome consists of several ribosomes that are reading the same mRNA strand at the same time during translation.