3.4.1 State that Polymerase chain reaction (PCR copies and amplifies tiny quantities of nucleic acid into larger quantities.

3.4.2 State that gel electrophoresis involves the separation of fragmented pieces of DNA acording to their charge and size.

3.4.3 State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling.

3.4.4 Describe 2 uses of DNA profiling.

3.4.5 Define genetic screening.

3.4.6 Discuss 3 advantages and/or disadvantages of genetic screening.

3.4.7 State that the Human Genome Project is an international cooperative venture that was established to determine the sequence of the complete human genome.

3.4.8 Describe 2 possible advantagous outcomes of this project.

3.4.9 State that genetic material can be transferred between species because the genetic code is universal.

3.4.10 Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmid, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. Placing the human insulin gene into a bacterial plasmid is a good example.

3.4.11 State 2 examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals.

3.4.12 Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification.

3.4.13 Outline the process of gene therapy using a named example.

3.4.14 Define clone.

3.4.15 Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated cells.

3.4.16 Discuss the ethical issues (pro and con) of cloning in humans.