Be able to:

1. State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment at a constant level or between narrow limits, including blood pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, blood glucose, body temperature and water balance.

2. Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levles by negative feedback mechanisms.

3. State that the nervous and the endocrine systems are both involved in homeostasis.

4. State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves and is composed of special cells called neurons that can carry electrical impulses quickly.

5. Describe the control of body temperature including the transfer of heat in blood, the role of sweat glands and skin arterioles, and shivering.

6. State that the endocrine system consists of glands which release hormones that are transported in the blood.

7. Explain the control of blood glucose levels, including the roels of glucagon, insulin and alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets.

8. Define excretion.

9. Outline the role of the kidney in excretion and the maintainance of water balance.